Nuclear power startups have been pitching themselves as the antidote to what ails AI data centers: power that’s always available. Bill Gates-founded TerraPower is one of the latest to throw its hat into that ring, with Bloomberg reporting that the startup plans to announce its first nuclear power data centers project this year. The project, expected to break ground in 2027, would be the company’s second power plant, with its first already under construction in Wyoming.
Why Nuclear Power Data Centers Need a New Approach
Not every nuclear reactor is suited to data center duty, but TerraPower possesses one key advantage—energy storage—that promises to give it an edge over competitors. And it’s all thanks to renewable power sources like wind and solar. TerraPower did not say who the customer will be, though in January, it announced that Meta had agreed to buy eight of its Natrium power plants.
Nuclear reactors, TerraPower’s included, work best when they’re running at full tilt. Of all the different types of power plants, nuclear reactors have the highest capacity factor—92.5% of the time, they generate at maximum power in the U.S. But in a way, they need to be. Existing reactors are slow to ramp up and down, capable of increasing or decreasing only about 5% of their total rated output per minute, according to the National Laboratory of the Rockies (NLR).
New small modular reactors (SMRs), which many startups are pursuing, can react faster, about 10% of their rated output per minute, per NLR. But running at reduced capacity isn’t ideal—it’s hard to make money when you’re not generating electrons. That’s true of any power plant, but it’s especially true of nuclear, which has the highest capital expenditures of any generating technology. Startups are hoping that mass manufacturing of SMRs will bring capex down, but that has yet to be proven. And if it does work, it could take a decade or more to reap the benefits. Every startup acknowledges that its early power plants will be expensive, so it makes sense to operate them at peak capacity as often as possible.
The Challenge Facing Nuclear Power Data Centers
For data centers, especially those that rely on behind-the-meter power, that poses a challenge. Their loads, especially when training AI or responding to prompts, can sink and soar quickly as GPUs respond to the tasks. The swings are so demanding that natural gas turbines have been breaking under the stress. To smooth the curve, they need to use large banks of batteries, which increase costs further. This is where TerraPower’s innovative design sets it apart in the race to power AI, making it a game-changer for nuclear power data centers.
TerraPower’s Energy Storage Secret Weapon
TerraPower designed its 345-megawatt molten salt-cooled reactor to work around those challenges. One of the key considerations was ensuring the reactor could complement intermittent sources of electricity like wind and solar—the power plant needed to ramp up and down quickly. While TerraPower had renewable power, not data centers, in mind when it sketched its plans, the two are similarly intermittent, just on different sides of the equation. This dual-purpose design makes TerraPower uniquely suited for nuclear power data centers.
How the Molten Salt Storage Works
To ramp quickly, TerraPower doesn’t increase or decrease the power output of its reactor. Rather, it keeps on splitting atoms, and the extra heat gets stored in a giant vat of molten sodium. When power demand spikes, the power plant can tap that reservoir to generate more steam to spin the turbines. The expensive equipment keeps working even when demand is low, allowing the company to amortize its investment over more operational hours. This energy storage capability is what makes TerraPower’s approach ideal for nuclear power data centers.
A Flexible Approach for a Renewable-Heavy Grid
The approach takes the best of nuclear power—high capacity factor—and pairs it with an energy-storage technology that allows TerraPower to play nicely on a renewable-heavy grid or when connected to a data center. It’s a flexible approach that could give the startup an advantage in the race to power AI. As more companies seek reliable, clean energy solutions, nuclear power data centers like TerraPower’s could become the new standard.
The Future of Nuclear Power Data Centers
As AI continues to expand, the demand for reliable, clean energy will only grow. TerraPower’s innovative approach to nuclear power, with its integrated energy storage, positions it as a key player in this space. By keeping the reactor running at full capacity and storing excess heat for peak demand, TerraPower offers a solution that addresses both the economic and operational challenges of powering AI data centers. The upcoming project announcement is eagerly anticipated, and it could set a new standard for how nuclear power data centers are developed and operated in the future.
